Nanotechnology is an extremely powerful emerging technology, which is expected to have a substantial impact on medical technology now and in the future. The potential impact of novel nanomedical applications on disease diagnosis, therapy, and prevention is foreseen to change health care in a fundamental way. Furthermore, therapeutic selection can increasingly be tailored to each patient's profile. This report presents the state-of-the-art in the area of promising nanotechnology approaches for medical technology. In particular, relevant applications are reported in surgery, cancer diagnosis and therapy, biodetection of disease markers, molecular imaging, implant technology, tissue engineering, and devices for drug, protein, gene, and radionuclide delivery. Many medical nanotechnology applications are still in their infancy. However, an increasing number of products is currently under clinical investigation and some products are already commercially available, such as surgical blades and suture needles, contrast-enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging, bone replacement materials, wound dressings, anti-microbial textiles, chips for in vitro molecular diagnostics, microcantilevers, and microneedles.