Within the NanoBio-RAISE project as part of Workpackage 1 a series of expert meetings have been held on Nanotechnology and Human Enhancement.
A multi-disciplinary working group of experts in science, medicine, ethics and social sciences has examined the ethical and societal implications of converging technologies which might enable the functional enhancement of the human body beyond medical purposes, responding to a 2004 EC expert group report, which called for the study of potential challenges to societal values. The present study examined the nature of enhancement and the implications of three examples of near term developments - brain chips, chemical stimulants for cognitive performance, and electrode stimulation of the brain.